Suicide: the key role of short range ties
Résumé
The paper explores the connection between short-range social ties (i.e. links with close relatives) and the occurrence of suicide. The objective is to discriminate between a model based on social ties and a model based on psychological traumas. Our methodological strategy is to focus on instances characterized by the severance of some social ties. We consider several situations of this kind. (i) Prisoners in the first days after their incarceration. (ii) Prisoners in solitary confinement. (iii) Prisoners who are transferred from one prison to another. (iv) Prisoners in closed versus open prisons. (v) Prisoners in the weeks following their release. (vi) Immigrants in the years following their relocation. (vii) Unmarried versus married people. Furthermore, in order to test the impact of major shocks we consider the responses in terms of suicides to the following shocks. (i) The attack of September 11, 2001 in Manhattan. (ii) The Korean War. (iii) The two world wars. (iv) The Great Depression in the United States. (v) The hyperinflation episode of 1923 in Germany. Major global traumatic shocks such as 9/11 or wars have no influence on suicide rates once changing environment conditions have been controlled for. Overall, it turns out that the observations have a natural interpretation in terms of short-range ties. In contrast, the trauma model seems unable to adequately account for many observations.