Overview of the Dust and Biomass-burning Experiment and African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Special Observing Period-0
Résumé
The African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) is a major
international campaign investigating far-reaching aspects of the African monsoon,
climate and the hydrological cycle. A special observing period was established for the
dry season (SOP0) with a focus on aerosol and radiation measurements. SOP0 took
place during January and February 2006 and involved several ground-based
measurement sites across west Africa. These were augmented by aircraft
measurements made by the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM)
aircraft during the Dust and Biomass-burning Experiment (DABEX), measurements
from an ultralight aircraft, and dedicated modeling efforts. We provide an overview of
these measurement and modeling studies together with an analysis of the
meteorological conditions that determined the aerosol transport and link the results
together to provide a balanced synthesis. The biomass burning aerosol was
significantly more absorbing than that measured in other areas and, unlike industrial
areas, the ratio of excess carbon monoxide to organic carbon was invariant, which may
be owing to interaction between the organic carbon and mineral dust aerosol. The
mineral dust aerosol in situ filter measurements close to Niamey reveals very little
absorption, while other measurements and remote sensing inversions suggest
significantly more absorption. The influence of both mineral dust and biomass burning
aerosol on the radiation budget is significant throughout the period, implying that
meteorological models should include their radiative effects for accurate weather
forecasts and climate simulations. Generally, the operational meteorological models
that simulate the production and transport of mineral dust show skill at lead times of
5 days or more. Climate models that need to accurately simulate the vertical profiles
of both anthropogenic and natural aerosols to accurately represent the direct and
indirect effects of aerosols appear to do a reasonable job, although the magnitude of
the aerosol scattering is strongly dependent upon the emission data set.
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